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Sample Database Queries

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Sample Database Queries

1) Find the Employee who get the second highest Salary. Answer: SELECT emp_name from emp WHERE emp_salary =( SELECT max(emp_salary...

Database Interview Questions for QA Part I

0 DB Testing, job hunting, QA Interview Preparation

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><ol><li>What is database?</li>
</ol>A database is a logically coherent collection of data with some inherent meaning, representing some aspect of real world and which is designed, built and populated with data for a specific purpose. 
<ol start="2"><li>What is DBMS?</li>
</ol>It is a collection of programs that enables user to create and maintain a database. In other words it is general-purpose software that provides the users with the processes of defining, constructing and manipulating the database for various applications. 
<ol start="3"><li>What is a Database system?</li>
</ol>The database and DBMS software together is called as Database system. 
<ol start="4"><li>What are the advantages of DBMS?</li>
</ol><ol><li>Redundancy is controlled.</li>
<li>Unauthorised access is restricted.</li>
<li>Providing multiple user interfaces.</li>
<li>Enforcing integrity constraints.</li>
<li>Providing backup and recovery.</li>
</ol><ol start="5"><li>What are the disadvantage in File Processing System?</li>
</ol><ol><li>Data redundancy and inconsistency.</li>
<li>Difficult in accessing data.</li>
<li>Data isolation.</li>
<li>Data integrity.</li>
<li>Concurrent access is not possible.</li>
<li>Security Problems.</li>
</ol><ol start="6"><li>Describe the three levels of data abstraction?</li>
</ol>The are three levels of abstraction: 
<ol><li>Physical level: The lowest level of abstraction describes how data are stored.</li>
<li>Logical level: The next higher level of abstraction, describes what data are stored in database and what relationship among those data.</li>
<li>View level: The highest level of abstraction describes only part of entire database.</li>
</ol><ol start="7"><li>Define the "integrity rules"?</li>
</ol>There are two Integrity rules. 
<ol><li>Entity Integrity: States that "Primary key cannot have NULL value"</li>
<li>Referential Integrity: States that "Foreign Key can be either a NULL value or should be Primary Key value of other relation.</li>
</ol><ol start="8"><li>What is extension and intension?</li>
</ol><ol><li>Extension: It is the number of tuples present in a table at any instance. This is time dependent.</li>
<li>Intension: It is a constant value that gives the name, structure of table and the constraints laid on it.</li>
</ol><ol start="9"><li>What is System R? What are its two major subsystems?</li>
</ol>System R was designed and developed over a period of 1974-79 at IBM San Jose Research Center. It is a prototype and its purpose was to demonstrate that it is possible to build a Relational System that can be used in a real life environment to solve real life problems, with performance at least comparable to that of existing system. 
Its two subsystems are 
<ol><li>Research Storage</li>
<li>System Relational Data System.</li>
</ol><ol start="10"><li>How is the data structure of System R different from the relational structure?</li>
</ol>Unlike Relational systems in System R 
<ol><li>Domains are not supported</li>
<li>Enforcement of candidate key uniqueness is optional</li>
<li>Enforcement of entity integrity is optional</li>
<li>Referential integrity is not enforced</li>
</ol><ol start="11"><li>What is Data Independence?</li>
</ol>Data independence means that "the application is independent of the storage structure and access strategy of data". In other words, The ability to modify the schema definition in one level should not affect the schema definition in the next higher level. 
Two types of Data Independence: 
<ol><li>Physical Data Independence: Modification in physical level should not affect the logical level.</li>
<li>Logical Data Independence: Modification in logical level should affect the view level.</li>
</ol>NOTE: Logical Data Independence is more difficult to achieve 
<ol start="12"><li>What is a view? How it is related to data independence?</li>
</ol>A view may be thought of as a virtual table, that is, a table that does not really exist in its own right but is instead derived from one or more underlying base table. In other words, there is no stored file that direct represents the view instead a definition of view is stored in data dictionary. 
Growth and restructuring of base tables is not reflected in views. Thus the view can insulate users from the effects of restructuring and growth in the database. Hence accounts for logical data independence. 
<ol start="13"><li>What is Data Model?</li>
</ol>A collection of conceptual tools for describing data, data relationships data semantics and constraints. 
<ol start="14"><li>What is E-R model?</li>
</ol>This data model is based on real world that consists of basic objects called entities and of relationship among these objects. Entities are described in a database by a set of attributes. 
<ol start="15"><li>What is Object Oriented model?</li>
</ol>This model is based on collection of objects. An object contains values stored in instance variables with in the object. An object also contains bodies of code that operate on the object. These bodies of code are called methods. Objects that contain same types of values and the same methods are grouped together into classes. 
<ol start="16"><li>What is an Entity?</li>
</ol>It is a 'thing' in the real world with an independent existence. 
<ol start="17"><li>What is an Entity type?</li>
</ol>It is a collection (set) of entities that have same attributes. 
<ol start="18"><li>What is an Entity set?</li>
</ol>It is a collection of all entities of particular entity type in the database. 
<ol start="19"><li>What is an Extension of entity type?</li>
</ol>The collections of entities of a particular entity type are grouped together into an entity set. 
<ol start="20"><li>What is Weak Entity set?</li>
</ol>An entity set may not have sufficient attributes to form a primary key, and its primary key compromises of its partial key and primary key of its parent entity, then it is said to be Weak Entity set. 
<ol start="21"><li>What is an attribute?</li>
</ol>It is a particular property, which describes the entity. 
<ol start="22"><li>What is a Relation Schema and a Relation?</li>
</ol>A relation Schema denoted by R(A1, A2, ..., An) is made up of the relation name R and the list of attributes Ai that it contains. A relation is defined as a set of tuples. Let r be the relation which contains set tuples (t1, t2, t3, ..., tn). Each tuple is an ordered list of n-values t=(v1,v2, ..., vn). 
<ol start="23"><li>What is degree of a Relation?</li>
</ol>It is the number of attribute of its relation schema. 
<ol start="24"><li>What is Relationship?</li>
</ol>It is an association among two or more entities. 
<ol start="25"><li>What is Relationship set?</li>
</ol>The collection (or set) of similar relationships. 
<ol start="26"><li>What is Relationship type?</li>
</ol>Relationship type defines a set of associations or a relationship set among a given set of entity types. 
<ol start="27"><li>What is degree of Relationship type?</li>
</ol>It is the number of entity type participating. 
<ol start="28"><li>What is DDL (Data Definition Language)?</li>
</ol>A data base schema is specifies by a set of definitions expressed by a special language called DDL. 
<ol start="29"><li>What is VDL (View Definition Language)?</li>
</ol>It specifies user views and their mappings to the conceptual schema. 
<ol start="30"><li>What is SDL (Storage Definition Language)?</li>
</ol>This language is to specify the internal schema. This language may specify the mapping between two schemas. 
<ol start="31"><li>What is Data Storage - Definition Language?</li>
</ol>The storage structures and access methods used by database system are specified by a set of definition in a special type of DDL called data storage-definition language. 
<ol start="32"><li>What is DML (Data Manipulation Language)?</li>
</ol>This language that enable user to access or manipulate data as organised by appropriate data model. 
<ol><li>Procedural DML or Low level: DML requires a user to specify what data are needed and how to get those data.</li>
<li>Non-Procedural DML or High level: DML requires a user to specify what data are needed without specifying how to get those data.</li>
</ol><ol start="33"><li>What is DML Compiler?</li>
</ol>It translates DML statements in a query language into low-level instruction that the query evaluation engine can understand. 
<ol start="34"><li>What is Query evaluation engine?</li>
</ol>It executes low-level instruction generated by compiler. 
<ol start="35"><li>What is DDL Interpreter?</li>
</ol>It interprets DDL statements and record them in tables containing metadata. 
<ol start="36"><li>What is Record-at-a-time?</li>
</ol>The Low level or Procedural DML can specify and retrieve each record from a set of records. This retrieve of a record is said to be Record-at-a-time. 
<ol start="37"><li>What is Set-at-a-time or Set-oriented?</li>
</ol>The High level or Non-procedural DML can specify and retrieve many records in a single DML statement. This retrieve of a record is said to be Set-at-a-time or Set-oriented. 
<ol start="38"><li>What is Relational Algebra?</li>
</ol>It is procedural query language. It consists of a set of operations that take one or two relations as input and produce a new relation. 
<ol start="39"><li>What is Relational Calculus?</li>
</ol>It is an applied predicate calculus specifically tailored for relational databases proposed by E.F. Codd. E.g. of languages based on it are DSL ALPHA, QUEL. 
<ol start="40"><li>How does Tuple-oriented relational calculus differ from domain-oriented relational calculus?</li>
</ol><ol><li>The tuple-oriented calculus uses a tuple variables i.e., variable whose only permitted values are tuples of that relation. E.g. QUEL</li>
<li>The domain-oriented calculus has domain variables i.e., variables that range over the underlying domains instead of over relation. E.g. ILL, DEDUCE.</li>
</ol><ol start="41"><li>What is normalization?</li>
</ol>It is a process of analysing the given relation schemas based on their Functional Dependencies (FDs) and primary key to achieve the properties 
(1).Minimizing redundancy, (2). Minimizing insertion, deletion and update anomalies. 
<ol start="42"><li>What is Functional Dependency?</li>
</ol>A Functional dependency is denoted by X Y between two sets of attributes X and Y that are subsets of R specifies a constraint on the possible tuple that can form a relation state r of R. The constraint is for any two tuples t1 and t2 in r if t1[X] = t2[X] then they have t1[Y] = t2[Y]. This means the value of X component of a tuple uniquely determines the value of component Y. 
<ol start="43"><li>What is Lossless join property?</li>
</ol>It guarantees that the spurious tuple generation does not occur with respect to relation schemas after decomposition. 
<ol start="44"><li>What is 1 NF (Normal Form)?</li>
</ol>The domain of attribute must include only atomic (simple, indivisible) values. 
<ol start="45"><li>What is Fully Functional dependency?</li>
</ol>It is based on concept of full functional dependency. A functional dependency X Y is full functional dependency if removal of any attribute A from X means that the dependency does not hold any more. 
<ol start="46"><li>What is 2NF?</li>
</ol>A relation schema R is in 2NF if it is in 1NF and every non-prime attribute A in R is fully functionally dependent on primary key. 
<ol start="47"><li>What is 3NF?</li>
</ol>A relation schema R is in 3NF if it is in 2NF and for every FD X A either of the following is true 
<ol><li>X is a Super-key of R.</li>
<li>A is a prime attribute of R.</li>
</ol>In other words, if every non prime attribute is non-transitively dependent on primary key. 
<ol start="48"><li>What is BCNF (Boyce-Codd Normal Form)?</li>
</ol>A relation schema R is in BCNF if it is in 3NF and satisfies an additional constraint that for every FD X A, X must be a candidate key. 
<ol start="49"><li>What is 4NF?</li>
</ol>A relation schema R is said to be in 4NF if for every Multivalued dependency X Y that holds over R, one of following is true. 
1.) X is subset or equal to (or) XY = R. 
2.) X is a super key. 
<ol start="50"><li>What is 5NF?</li>
</ol>A Relation schema R is said to be 5NF if for every join dependency {R1, R2, ..., Rn} that holds R, one the following is true 1.) Ri = R for some i. 
2.) The join dependency is implied by the set of FD, over R in which the left side is key of R. 
<ol start="51"><li>What is Domain-Key Normal Form?</li>
</ol>A relation is said to be in DKNF if all constraints and dependencies that should hold on the the constraint can be enforced by simply enforcing the domain constraint and key constraint on the relation. 
<ol start="52"><li>What are partial, alternate,, artificial, compound and natural key?</li>
</ol><ol><li>Partial Key: It is a set of attributes that can uniquely identify weak entities and that are related to same owner entity. It is sometime called as Discriminator.</li>
<li>Alternate Key: All Candidate Keys excluding the Primary Key are known as Alternate Keys.</li>
<li>Artificial Key: If no obvious key, either stand alone or compound is available, then the last resort is to simply create a key, by assigning a unique number to each record or occurrence. Then this is known as developing an artificial key.</li>
<li>Compound Key: If no single data element uniquely identifies occurrences within a construct, then combining multiple elements to create a unique identifier for the construct is known as creating a compound key.</li>
<li>Natural Key: When one of the data elements stored within a construct is utilized as the primary key, then it is called the natural key.</li>
</ol><ol start="53"><li>What is indexing and what are the different kinds of indexing?</li>
</ol>Indexing is a technique for determining how quickly specific data can be found. 
Types: 
<ol><li>Binary search style indexing</li>
<li>B-Tree indexing</li>
<li>Inverted list indexing</li>
<li>Memory resident table</li>
<li>Table indexing</li>
</ol><ol start="54"><li>What is system catalog or catalog relation? How is better known as?</li>
</ol>A RDBMS maintains a description of all the data that it contains, information about every relation and index that it contains. This information is stored in a collection of relations maintained by the system called metadata. It is also called data dictionary. 
<ol start="55"><li>What is meant by query optimization?</li>
</ol>The phase that identifies an efficient execution plan for evaluating a query that has the least estimated cost is referred to as query optimization. 
<ol start="56"><li>What is durability in DBMS?</li>
</ol>Once the DBMS informs the user that a transaction has successfully completed, its effects should persist even if the system crashes before all its changes are reflected on disk. This property is called durability. 
<ol start="57"><li>What do you mean by atomicity and aggregation?</li>
</ol><ol><li>Atomicity: Either all actions are carried out or none are. Users should not have to worry about the effect of incomplete transactions. DBMS ensures this by undoing the actions of incomplete transactions.</li>
<li>Aggregation: A concept which is used to model a relationship between a collection of entities and relationships. It is used when we need to express a relationship among relationships.</li>
</ol><ol start="58"><li>What is a Phantom Deadlock?</li>
</ol>In distributed deadlock detection, the delay in propagating local information might cause the deadlock detection algorithms to identify deadlocks that do not really exist. Such situations are called phantom deadlocks and they lead to unnecessary aborts. 
<ol start="59"><li>What is a checkpoint and When does it occur?</li>
</ol>A Checkpoint is like a snapshot of the DBMS state. By taking checkpoints, the DBMS can reduce the amount of work to be done during restart in the event of subsequent crashes. 
<ol start="60"><li>What are the different phases of transaction?</li>
</ol>Different phases are 
1.) Analysis phase, 
2.) Redo Phase, 
3.) Undo phase. 
<ol start="61"><li>What do you mean by flat file database?</li>
</ol>It is a database in which there are no programs or user access languages. It has no cross-file capabilities but is user-friendly and provides user-interface management. 
<ol start="62"><li>What is "transparent DBMS"?</li>
</ol>It is one, which keeps its Physical Structure hidden from user. 
<ol start="63"><li>What is a query?</li>
</ol>A query with respect to DBMS relates to user commands that are used to interact with a data base. The query language can be classified into data definition language and data manipulation language. 
<ol start="64"><li>What do you mean by Correlated subquery?</li>
</ol>Subqueries, or nested queries, are used to bring back a set of rows to be used by the parent query. Depending on how the subquery is written, it can be executed once for the parent query or it can be executed once for each row returned by the parent query. If the subquery is executed for each row of the parent, this is called a correlated subquery. 
A correlated subquery can be easily identified if it contains any references to the parent subquery columns in its WHERE clause. Columns from the subquery cannot be referenced anywhere else in the parent query. The following example demonstrates a non-correlated subquery. 
Example: Select * From CUST Where '10/03/1990' IN (Select ODATE From ORDER Where CUST.CNUM = ORDER.CNUM) 
<ol start="65"><li>What are the primitive operations common to all record management systems?</li>
</ol>Addition, deletion and modification. 
<ol start="66"><li>Name the buffer in which all the commands that are typed in are stored?</li>
</ol>'Edit' Buffer. 
<ol start="67"><li>What are the unary operations in Relational Algebra?</li>
</ol>PROJECTION and SELECTION. 
<ol start="68"><li>Are the resulting relations of PRODUCT and JOIN operation the same?</li>
</ol>No. 
PRODUCT: Concatenation of every row in one relation with every row in another. 
JOIN: Concatenation of rows from one relation and related rows from another. 
<ol start="69"><li>What is RDBMS KERNEL?</li>
</ol>Two important pieces of RDBMS architecture are the kernel, which is the software, and the data dictionary, which consists of the system-level data structures used by the kernel to manage the database You might think of an RDBMS as an operating system (or set of subsystems), designed specifically for controlling data access; its primary functions are storing, retrieving, and securing data. An RDBMS maintains its own list of authorized users and their associated privileges; manages memory caches and paging; controls locking for concurrent resource usage; dispatches and schedules user requests; and manages space usage within its table-space structures. 
<ol start="70"><li>Name the sub-systems of a RDBMS.</li>
</ol>I/O, Security, Language Processing, Process Control, Storage Management, Logging and Recovery, Distribution Control, Transaction Control, Memory Management, Lock Management. 
<ol start="71"><li>Which part of the RDBMS takes care of the data dictionary? How?</li>
</ol>Data dictionary is a set of tables and database objects that is stored in a special area of the database and maintained exclusively by the kernel. 
<ol start="72"><li>What is the job of the information stored in data-dictionary?</li>
</ol>The information in the data dictionary validates the existence of the objects, provides access to them, and maps the actual physical storage location. 
<ol start="73"><li>How do you communicate with an RDBMS?</li>
</ol>You communicate with an RDBMS using Structured Query Language (SQL). 
<ol start="74"><li>Define SQL and state the differences between SQL and other conventional programming Languages.</li>
</ol>SQL is a nonprocedural language that is designed specifically for data access operations on normalized relational database structures. The primary difference between SQL and other conventional programming languages is that SQL statements specify what data operations should be performed rather than how to perform them. 
<ol start="75"><li>Name the three major set of files on disk that compose a database in Oracle.</li>
</ol>There are three major sets of files on disk that compose a database. All the files are binary. These are 
1.) Database files 
2.) Control files 
3.) Redo logs 
The most important of these are the database files where the actual data resides. The control files and the redo logs support the functioning of the architecture itself. All three sets of files must be present, open, and available to Oracle for any data on the database to be useable. Without these files, you cannot access the database, and the database administrator might have to recover some or all of the database using a backup, if there is one. 
<ol start="76"><li>What is database Trigger?</li>
</ol>A database trigger is a PL/SQL block that can defined to automatically execute for insert, update, and delete statements against a table. The trigger can e defined to execute once for the entire statement or once for every row that is inserted, updated, or deleted. For any one table, there are twelve events for which you can define database triggers. A database trigger can call database procedures that are also written in PL/SQL. 
<ol start="77"><li>What are stored-procedures? And what are the advantages of using them?</li>
</ol>Stored procedures are database objects that perform a user defined operation. A stored procedure can have a set of compound SQL statements. A stored procedure executes the SQL commands and returns the result to the client. Stored procedures are used to reduce network traffic. 
<ol start="78"><li>What is Storage Manager?</li>
</ol>It is a program module that provides the interface between the low-level data stored in database, application programs and queries submitted to the system. 
<ol start="79"><li>What is Buffer Manager?</li>
</ol>It is a program module, which is responsible for fetching data from disk storage into main memory and deciding what data to be cache in memory. 
<ol start="80"><li>What is Transaction Manager?</li>
</ol>It is a program module, which ensures that database, remains in a consistent state despite system failures and concurrent transaction execution proceeds without conflicting. 
<ol start="81"><li>What is File Manager?</li>
</ol>It is a program module, which manages the allocation of space on disk storage and data structure used to represent information stored on a disk. 
<ol start="82"><li>What is Authorization and Integrity manager?</li>
</ol>It is the program module, which tests for the satisfaction of integrity constraint and checks the authority of user to access data. 
<ol start="83"><li>What are stand-alone procedures?</li>
</ol>Procedures that are not part of a package are known as stand-alone because they independently defined. A good example of a stand-alone procedure is one written in a SQL*Forms application. These types of procedures are not available for reference from other Oracle tools. Another limitation of stand-alone procedures is that they are compiled at run time, which slows execution. 
<ol start="84"><li>What are cursors give different types of cursors?</li>
</ol>PL/SQL uses cursors for all database information accesses statements. The language supports the use two types of cursors 
1.) Implicit 
2.) Explicit 
<ol start="85"><li>What is cold backup and hot backup (in case of Oracle)?</li>
</ol><ol><li>Cold Backup: It is copying the three sets of files (database files, redo logs, and control file) when the instance is shut down. This is a straight file copy, usually from the disk directly to tape. You must shut down the instance to guarantee a consistent copy. If a cold backup is performed, the only option available in the event of data file loss is restoring all the files from the latest backup. All work performed on the database since the last backup is lost.</li>
<li>Hot Backup: Some sites (such as worldwide airline reservations systems) cannot shut down the database while making a backup copy of the files. The cold backup is not an available option.</li>
</ol><ol start="86"><li>What is meant by Proactive, Retroactive and Simultaneous Update.</li>
</ol><ol><li>Proactive Update: The updates that are applied to database before it becomes effective in real world.</li>
<li>Retroactive Update: The updates that are applied to database after it becomes effective in real world.</li>
<li>Simulatneous Update: The updates that are applied to database at the same time when it becomes effective in real world.</li>
</ol><ol><li>What is database?</li>
</ol>A database is a logically coherent collection of data with some inherent meaning, representing some aspect of real world and which is designed, built and populated with data for a specific purpose. 
<ol start="2"><li>What is DBMS?</li>
</ol>It is a collection of programs that enables user to create and maintain a database. In other words it is general-purpose software that provides the users with the processes of defining, constructing and manipulating the database for various applications. 
<ol start="3"><li>What is a Database system?</li>
</ol>The database and DBMS software together is called as Database system. 
<ol start="4"><li>What are the advantages of DBMS?</li>
</ol><ol><li>Redundancy is controlled.</li>
<li>Unauthorised access is restricted.</li>
<li>Providing multiple user interfaces.</li>
<li>Enforcing integrity constraints.</li>
<li>Providing backup and recovery.</li>
</ol><ol start="5"><li>What are the disadvantage in File Processing System?</li>
</ol><ol><li>Data redundancy and inconsistency.</li>
<li>Difficult in accessing data.</li>
<li>Data isolation.</li>
<li>Data integrity.</li>
<li>Concurrent access is not possible.</li>
<li>Security Problems.</li>
</ol><ol start="6"><li>Describe the three levels of data abstraction?</li>
</ol>The are three levels of abstraction: 
<ol><li>Physical level: The lowest level of abstraction describes how data are stored.</li>
<li>Logical level: The next higher level of abstraction, describes what data are stored in database and what relationship among those data.</li>
<li>View level: The highest level of abstraction describes only part of entire database.</li>
</ol><ol start="7"><li>Define the "integrity rules"?</li>
</ol>There are two Integrity rules. 
<ol><li>Entity Integrity: States that "Primary key cannot have NULL value"</li>
<li>Referential Integrity: States that "Foreign Key can be either a NULL value or should be Primary Key value of other relation.</li>
</ol><ol start="8"><li>What is extension and intension?</li>
</ol><ol><li>Extension: It is the number of tuples present in a table at any instance. This is time dependent.</li>
<li>Intension: It is a constant value that gives the name, structure of table and the constraints laid on it.</li>
</ol><ol start="9"><li>What is System R? What are its two major subsystems?</li>
</ol>System R was designed and developed over a period of 1974-79 at IBM San Jose Research Center. It is a prototype and its purpose was to demonstrate that it is possible to build a Relational System that can be used in a real life environment to solve real life problems, with performance at least comparable to that of existing system. 
Its two subsystems are 
<ol><li>Research Storage</li>
<li>System Relational Data System.</li>
</ol><ol start="10"><li>How is the data structure of System R different from the relational structure?</li>
</ol>Unlike Relational systems in System R 
<ol><li>Domains are not supported</li>
<li>Enforcement of candidate key uniqueness is optional</li>
<li>Enforcement of entity integrity is optional</li>
<li>Referential integrity is not enforced</li>
</ol><ol start="11"><li>What is Data Independence?</li>
</ol>Data independence means that "the application is independent of the storage structure and access strategy of data". In other words, The ability to modify the schema definition in one level should not affect the schema definition in the next higher level. 
Two types of Data Independence: 
<ol><li>Physical Data Independence: Modification in physical level should not affect the logical level.</li>
<li>Logical Data Independence: Modification in logical level should affect the view level.</li>
</ol>NOTE: Logical Data Independence is more difficult to achieve 
<ol start="12"><li>What is a view? How it is related to data independence?</li>
</ol>A view may be thought of as a virtual table, that is, a table that does not really exist in its own right but is instead derived from one or more underlying base table. In other words, there is no stored file that direct represents the view instead a definition of view is stored in data dictionary. 
Growth and restructuring of base tables is not reflected in views. Thus the view can insulate users from the effects of restructuring and growth in the database. Hence accounts for logical data independence. 
<ol start="13"><li>What is Data Model?</li>
</ol>A collection of conceptual tools for describing data, data relationships data semantics and constraints. 
<ol start="14"><li>What is E-R model?</li>
</ol>This data model is based on real world that consists of basic objects called entities and of relationship among these objects. Entities are described in a database by a set of attributes. 
<ol start="15"><li>What is Object Oriented model?</li>
</ol>This model is based on collection of objects. An object contains values stored in instance variables with in the object. An object also contains bodies of code that operate on the object. These bodies of code are called methods. Objects that contain same types of values and the same methods are grouped together into classes. 
<ol start="16"><li>What is an Entity?</li>
</ol>It is a 'thing' in the real world with an independent existence. 
<ol start="17"><li>What is an Entity type?</li>
</ol>It is a collection (set) of entities that have same attributes. 
<ol start="18"><li>What is an Entity set?</li>
</ol>It is a collection of all entities of particular entity type in the database. 
<ol start="19"><li>What is an Extension of entity type?</li>
</ol>The collections of entities of a particular entity type are grouped together into an entity set. 
<ol start="20"><li>What is Weak Entity set?</li>
</ol>An entity set may not have sufficient attributes to form a primary key, and its primary key compromises of its partial key and primary key of its parent entity, then it is said to be Weak Entity set. 
<ol start="21"><li>What is an attribute?</li>
</ol>It is a particular property, which describes the entity. 
<ol start="22"><li>What is a Relation Schema and a Relation?</li>
</ol>A relation Schema denoted by R(A1, A2, ..., An) is made up of the relation name R and the list of attributes Ai that it contains. A relation is defined as a set of tuples. Let r be the relation which contains set tuples (t1, t2, t3, ..., tn). Each tuple is an ordered list of n-values t=(v1,v2, ..., vn). 
<ol start="23"><li>What is degree of a Relation?</li>
</ol>It is the number of attribute of its relation schema. 
<ol start="24"><li>What is Relationship?</li>
</ol>It is an association among two or more entities. 
<ol start="25"><li>What is Relationship set?</li>
</ol>The collection (or set) of similar relationships. 
<ol start="26"><li>What is Relationship type?</li>
</ol>Relationship type defines a set of associations or a relationship set among a given set of entity types. 
<ol start="27"><li>What is degree of Relationship type?</li>
</ol>It is the number of entity type participating. 
<ol start="28"><li>What is DDL (Data Definition Language)?</li>
</ol>A data base schema is specifies by a set of definitions expressed by a special language called DDL. 
<ol start="29"><li>What is VDL (View Definition Language)?</li>
</ol>It specifies user views and their mappings to the conceptual schema. 
<ol start="30"><li>What is SDL (Storage Definition Language)?</li>
</ol>This language is to specify the internal schema. This language may specify the mapping between two schemas. 
<ol start="31"><li>What is Data Storage - Definition Language?</li>
</ol>The storage structures and access methods used by database system are specified by a set of definition in a special type of DDL called data storage-definition language. 
<ol start="32"><li>What is DML (Data Manipulation Language)?</li>
</ol>This language that enable user to access or manipulate data as organised by appropriate data model. 
<ol><li>Procedural DML or Low level: DML requires a user to specify what data are needed and how to get those data.</li>
<li>Non-Procedural DML or High level: DML requires a user to specify what data are needed without specifying how to get those data.</li>
</ol><ol start="33"><li>What is DML Compiler?</li>
</ol>It translates DML statements in a query language into low-level instruction that the query evaluation engine can understand. 
<ol start="34"><li>What is Query evaluation engine?</li>
</ol>It executes low-level instruction generated by compiler. 
<ol start="35"><li>What is DDL Interpreter?</li>
</ol>It interprets DDL statements and record them in tables containing metadata. 
<ol start="36"><li>What is Record-at-a-time?</li>
</ol>The Low level or Procedural DML can specify and retrieve each record from a set of records. This retrieve of a record is said to be Record-at-a-time. 
<ol start="37"><li>What is Set-at-a-time or Set-oriented?</li>
</ol>The High level or Non-procedural DML can specify and retrieve many records in a single DML statement. This retrieve of a record is said to be Set-at-a-time or Set-oriented. 
<ol start="38"><li>What is Relational Algebra?</li>
</ol>It is procedural query language. It consists of a set of operations that take one or two relations as input and produce a new relation. 
<ol start="39"><li>What is Relational Calculus?</li>
</ol>It is an applied predicate calculus specifically tailored for relational databases proposed by E.F. Codd. E.g. of languages based on it are DSL ALPHA, QUEL. 
<ol start="40"><li>How does Tuple-oriented relational calculus differ from domain-oriented relational calculus?</li>
</ol><ol><li>The tuple-oriented calculus uses a tuple variables i.e., variable whose only permitted values are tuples of that relation. E.g. QUEL</li>
<li>The domain-oriented calculus has domain variables i.e., variables that range over the underlying domains instead of over relation. E.g. ILL, DEDUCE.</li>
</ol><ol start="41"><li>What is normalization?</li>
</ol>It is a process of analysing the given relation schemas based on their Functional Dependencies (FDs) and primary key to achieve the properties 
(1).Minimizing redundancy, (2). Minimizing insertion, deletion and update anomalies. 
<ol start="42"><li>What is Functional Dependency?</li>
</ol>A Functional dependency is denoted by X Y between two sets of attributes X and Y that are subsets of R specifies a constraint on the possible tuple that can form a relation state r of R. The constraint is for any two tuples t1 and t2 in r if t1[X] = t2[X] then they have t1[Y] = t2[Y]. This means the value of X component of a tuple uniquely determines the value of component Y. 
<ol start="43"><li>What is Lossless join property?</li>
</ol>It guarantees that the spurious tuple generation does not occur with respect to relation schemas after decomposition. 
<ol start="44"><li>What is 1 NF (Normal Form)?</li>
</ol>The domain of attribute must include only atomic (simple, indivisible) values. 
<ol start="45"><li>What is Fully Functional dependency?</li>
</ol>It is based on concept of full functional dependency. A functional dependency X Y is full functional dependency if removal of any attribute A from X means that the dependency does not hold any more. 
<ol start="46"><li>What is 2NF?</li>
</ol>A relation schema R is in 2NF if it is in 1NF and every non-prime attribute A in R is fully functionally dependent on primary key. 
<ol start="47"><li>What is 3NF?</li>
</ol>A relation schema R is in 3NF if it is in 2NF and for every FD X A either of the following is true 
<ol><li>X is a Super-key of R.</li>
<li>A is a prime attribute of R.</li>
</ol>In other words, if every non prime attribute is non-transitively dependent on primary key. 
<ol start="48"><li>What is BCNF (Boyce-Codd Normal Form)?</li>
</ol>A relation schema R is in BCNF if it is in 3NF and satisfies an additional constraint that for every FD X A, X must be a candidate key. 
<ol start="49"><li>What is 4NF?</li>
</ol>A relation schema R is said to be in 4NF if for every Multivalued dependency X Y that holds over R, one of following is true. 
1.) X is subset or equal to (or) XY = R. 
2.) X is a super key. 
<ol start="50"><li>What is 5NF?</li>
</ol>A Relation schema R is said to be 5NF if for every join dependency {R1, R2, ..., Rn} that holds R, one the following is true 1.) Ri = R for some i. 
2.) The join dependency is implied by the set of FD, over R in which the left side is key of R. 
<ol start="51"><li>What is Domain-Key Normal Form?</li>
</ol>A relation is said to be in DKNF if all constraints and dependencies that should hold on the the constraint can be enforced by simply enforcing the domain constraint and key constraint on the relation. 
<ol start="52"><li>What are partial, alternate,, artificial, compound and natural key?</li>
</ol><ol><li>Partial Key: It is a set of attributes that can uniquely identify weak entities and that are related to same owner entity. It is sometime called as Discriminator.</li>
<li>Alternate Key: All Candidate Keys excluding the Primary Key are known as Alternate Keys.</li>
<li>Artificial Key: If no obvious key, either stand alone or compound is available, then the last resort is to simply create a key, by assigning a unique number to each record or occurrence. Then this is known as developing an artificial key.</li>
<li>Compound Key: If no single data element uniquely identifies occurrences within a construct, then combining multiple elements to create a unique identifier for the construct is known as creating a compound key.</li>
<li>Natural Key: When one of the data elements stored within a construct is utilized as the primary key, then it is called the natural key.</li>
</ol><ol start="53"><li>What is indexing and what are the different kinds of indexing?</li>
</ol>Indexing is a technique for determining how quickly specific data can be found. 
Types: 
<ol><li>Binary search style indexing</li>
<li>B-Tree indexing</li>
<li>Inverted list indexing</li>
<li>Memory resident table</li>
<li>Table indexing</li>
</ol><ol start="54"><li>What is system catalog or catalog relation? How is better known as?</li>
</ol>A RDBMS maintains a description of all the data that it contains, information about every relation and index that it contains. This information is stored in a collection of relations maintained by the system called metadata. It is also called data dictionary. 
<ol start="55"><li>What is meant by query optimization?</li>
</ol>The phase that identifies an efficient execution plan for evaluating a query that has the least estimated cost is referred to as query optimization. 
<ol start="56"><li>What is durability in DBMS?</li>
</ol>Once the DBMS informs the user that a transaction has successfully completed, its effects should persist even if the system crashes before all its changes are reflected on disk. This property is called durability. 
<ol start="57"><li>What do you mean by atomicity and aggregation?</li>
</ol><ol><li>Atomicity: Either all actions are carried out or none are. Users should not have to worry about the effect of incomplete transactions. DBMS ensures this by undoing the actions of incomplete transactions.</li>
<li>Aggregation: A concept which is used to model a relationship between a collection of entities and relationships. It is used when we need to express a relationship among relationships.</li>
</ol><ol start="58"><li>What is a Phantom Deadlock?</li>
</ol>In distributed deadlock detection, the delay in propagating local information might cause the deadlock detection algorithms to identify deadlocks that do not really exist. Such situations are called phantom deadlocks and they lead to unnecessary aborts. 
<ol start="59"><li>What is a checkpoint and When does it occur?</li>
</ol>A Checkpoint is like a snapshot of the DBMS state. By taking checkpoints, the DBMS can reduce the amount of work to be done during restart in the event of subsequent crashes. 
<ol start="60"><li>What are the different phases of transaction?</li>
</ol>Different phases are 
1.) Analysis phase, 
2.) Redo Phase, 
3.) Undo phase. 
<ol start="61"><li>What do you mean by flat file database?</li>
</ol>It is a database in which there are no programs or user access languages. It has no cross-file capabilities but is user-friendly and provides user-interface management. 
<ol start="62"><li>What is "transparent DBMS"?</li>
</ol>It is one, which keeps its Physical Structure hidden from user. 
<ol start="63"><li>What is a query?</li>
</ol>A query with respect to DBMS relates to user commands that are used to interact with a data base. The query language can be classified into data definition language and data manipulation language. 
<ol start="64"><li>What do you mean by Correlated subquery?</li>
</ol>Subqueries, or nested queries, are used to bring back a set of rows to be used by the parent query. Depending on how the subquery is written, it can be executed once for the parent query or it can be executed once for each row returned by the parent query. If the subquery is executed for each row of the parent, this is called a correlated subquery. 
A correlated subquery can be easily identified if it contains any references to the parent subquery columns in its WHERE clause. Columns from the subquery cannot be referenced anywhere else in the parent query. The following example demonstrates a non-correlated subquery. 
Example: Select * From CUST Where '10/03/1990' IN (Select ODATE From ORDER Where CUST.CNUM = ORDER.CNUM) 
<ol start="65"><li>What are the primitive operations common to all record management systems?</li>
</ol>Addition, deletion and modification. 
<ol start="66"><li>Name the buffer in which all the commands that are typed in are stored?</li>
</ol>'Edit' Buffer. 
<ol start="67"><li>What are the unary operations in Relational Algebra?</li>
</ol>PROJECTION and SELECTION. 
<ol start="68"><li>Are the resulting relations of PRODUCT and JOIN operation the same?</li>
</ol>No. 
PRODUCT: Concatenation of every row in one relation with every row in another. 
JOIN: Concatenation of rows from one relation and related rows from another. 
<ol start="69"><li>What is RDBMS KERNEL?</li>
</ol>Two important pieces of RDBMS architecture are the kernel, which is the software, and the data dictionary, which consists of the system-level data structures used by the kernel to manage the database You might think of an RDBMS as an operating system (or set of subsystems), designed specifically for controlling data access; its primary functions are storing, retrieving, and securing data. An RDBMS maintains its own list of authorized users and their associated privileges; manages memory caches and paging; controls locking for concurrent resource usage; dispatches and schedules user requests; and manages space usage within its table-space structures. 
<ol start="70"><li>Name the sub-systems of a RDBMS.</li>
</ol>I/O, Security, Language Processing, Process Control, Storage Management, Logging and Recovery, Distribution Control, Transaction Control, Memory Management, Lock Management. 
<ol start="71"><li>Which part of the RDBMS takes care of the data dictionary? How?</li>
</ol>Data dictionary is a set of tables and database objects that is stored in a special area of the database and maintained exclusively by the kernel. 
<ol start="72"><li>What is the job of the information stored in data-dictionary?</li>
</ol>The information in the data dictionary validates the existence of the objects, provides access to them, and maps the actual physical storage location. 
<ol start="73"><li>How do you communicate with an RDBMS?</li>
</ol>You communicate with an RDBMS using Structured Query Language (SQL). 
<ol start="74"><li>Define SQL and state the differences between SQL and other conventional programming Languages.</li>
</ol>SQL is a nonprocedural language that is designed specifically for data access operations on normalized relational database structures. The primary difference between SQL and other conventional programming languages is that SQL statements specify what data operations should be performed rather than how to perform them. 
<ol start="75"><li>Name the three major set of files on disk that compose a database in Oracle.</li>
</ol>There are three major sets of files on disk that compose a database. All the files are binary. These are 
1.) Database files 
2.) Control files 
3.) Redo logs 
The most important of these are the database files where the actual data resides. The control files and the redo logs support the functioning of the architecture itself. All three sets of files must be present, open, and available to Oracle for any data on the database to be useable. Without these files, you cannot access the database, and the database administrator might have to recover some or all of the database using a backup, if there is one. 
<ol start="76"><li>What is database Trigger?</li>
</ol>A database trigger is a PL/SQL block that can defined to automatically execute for insert, update, and delete statements against a table. The trigger can e defined to execute once for the entire statement or once for every row that is inserted, updated, or deleted. For any one table, there are twelve events for which you can define database triggers. A database trigger can call database procedures that are also written in PL/SQL. 
<ol start="77"><li>What are stored-procedures? And what are the advantages of using them?</li>
</ol>Stored procedures are database objects that perform a user defined operation. A stored procedure can have a set of compound SQL statements. A stored procedure executes the SQL commands and returns the result to the client. Stored procedures are used to reduce network traffic. 
<ol start="78"><li>What is Storage Manager?</li>
</ol>It is a program module that provides the interface between the low-level data stored in database, application programs and queries submitted to the system. 
<ol start="79"><li>What is Buffer Manager?</li>
</ol>It is a program module, which is responsible for fetching data from disk storage into main memory and deciding what data to be cache in memory. 
<ol start="80"><li>What is Transaction Manager?</li>
</ol>It is a program module, which ensures that database, remains in a consistent state despite system failures and concurrent transaction execution proceeds without conflicting. 
<ol start="81"><li>What is File Manager?</li>
</ol>It is a program module, which manages the allocation of space on disk storage and data structure used to represent information stored on a disk. 
<ol start="82"><li>What is Authorization and Integrity manager?</li>
</ol>It is the program module, which tests for the satisfaction of integrity constraint and checks the authority of user to access data. 
<ol start="83"><li>What are stand-alone procedures?</li>
</ol>Procedures that are not part of a package are known as stand-alone because they independently defined. A good example of a stand-alone procedure is one written in a SQL*Forms application. These types of procedures are not available for reference from other Oracle tools. Another limitation of stand-alone procedures is that they are compiled at run time, which slows execution. 
<ol start="84"><li>What are cursors give different types of cursors?</li>
</ol>PL/SQL uses cursors for all database information accesses statements. The language supports the use two types of cursors 
1.) Implicit 
2.) Explicit 
<ol start="85"><li>What is cold backup and hot backup (in case of Oracle)?</li>
</ol><ol><li>Cold Backup: It is copying the three sets of files (database files, redo logs, and control file) when the instance is shut down. This is a straight file copy, usually from the disk directly to tape. You must shut down the instance to guarantee a consistent copy. If a cold backup is performed, the only option available in the event of data file loss is restoring all the files from the latest backup. All work performed on the database since the last backup is lost.</li>
<li>Hot Backup: Some sites (such as worldwide airline reservations systems) cannot shut down the database while making a backup copy of the files. The cold backup is not an available option.</li>
</ol><ol start="86"><li>What is meant by Proactive, Retroactive and Simultaneous Update.</li>
</ol><ol><li>Proactive Update: The updates that are applied to database before it becomes effective in real world.</li>
<li>Retroactive Update: The updates that are applied to database after it becomes effective in real world.</li>
<li>Simulatneous Update: The updates that are applied to database at the same time when it becomes effective in real world.</li>
</ol> 
 
Q: What is SQL? 
A: SQL stands for 'Structured Query Language'. 
Q: What is SELECT statement? 
A: The SELECT statement lets you select a set of values from a table in a database. The values selected from the database table would depend on the various conditions that are specified in the SQL query. 
Q: How can you compare a part of the name rather than the entire name? 
A: SELECT * FROM people WHERE empname LIKE '%ab%' 
Would return a recordset with records consisting empname the sequence 'ab' in empname . 
 
Q: What is the INSERT statement? 
A: The INSERT statement lets you insert information into a database. 
 
Q: How do you delete a record from a database? 
A: Use the DELETE statement to remove records or any particular column values from a database. 
 
Q: How could I get distinct entries from a table? 
A: The SELECT statement in conjunction with DISTINCT lets you select a set of distinct values from a table in a database. The values selected from the database table would of course depend on the various conditions that are specified in the SQL query. Example 
SELECT DISTINCT empname FROM emptable 
 
Q: How to get the results of a Query sorted in any order? 
A: You can sort the results and return the sorted results to your program by using ORDER BY keyword thus saving you the pain of carrying out the sorting yourself. The ORDER BY keyword is used for sorting. 
SELECT empname, age, city FROM emptable ORDER BY empname 
Q: How can I find the total number of records in a table? 
A: You could use the COUNT keyword , example 
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM emp WHERE age>40 
Q: What is GROUP BY? 
A: The GROUP BY keywords have been added to SQL because aggregate functions (like SUM) return the aggregate of all column values every time they are called. Without the GROUP BY functionality, finding the sum for each individual group of column values was not possible. 
Q: What is the difference among "dropping a table", "truncating a table" and "deleting all records" from a table. 
A: Dropping : (Table structure + Data are deleted), Invalidates the dependent objects ,Drops the indexes 
Truncating: (Data alone deleted), Performs an automatic commit, Faster than delete 
Delete : (Data alone deleted), Doesn’t perform automatic commit 
Q: What are the Large object types suported by Oracle? 
A: Blob and Clob. 
Q: Difference between a "where" clause and a "having" clause. 
A: Having clause is used only with group functions whereas Where is not used with. 
Q: What's the difference between a primary key and a unique key? 
A: Both primary key and unique enforce uniqueness of the column on which they are defined. But by default primary key creates a clustered index on the column, where are unique creates a nonclustered index by default. Another major difference is that, primary key doesn't allow NULLs, but unique key allows one NULL only. 
Q: What are cursors? Explain different types of cursors. What are the disadvantages of cursors? How can you avoid cursors? 
A: Cursors allow row-by-row prcessing of the resultsets. 
Types of cursors: Static, Dynamic, Forward-only, Keyset-driven. See books online for more information. 
Disadvantages of cursors: Each time you fetch a row from the cursor, it results in a network roundtrip, where as a normal SELECT query makes only one rowundtrip, however large the resultset is. Cursors are also costly because they require more resources and temporary storage (results in more IO operations). Furthere, there are restrictions on the SELECT statements that can be used with some types of cursors. 
Most of the times, set based operations can be used instead of cursors. 
Q: What are triggers? How to invoke a trigger on demand? 
A: Triggers are special kind of stored procedures that get executed automatically when an INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE operation takes place on a table. 
Triggers can't be invoked on demand. They get triggered only when an associated action (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE) happens on the table on which they are defined. 
Triggers are generally used to implement business rules, auditing. Triggers can also be used to extend the referential integrity checks, but wherever possible, use constraints for this purpose, instead of triggers, as constraints are much faster. 
Q: What is a join and explain different types of joins. 
A: Joins are used in queries to explain how different tables are related. Joins also let you select data from a table depending upon data from another table. 
Types of joins: INNER JOINs, OUTER JOINs, CROSS JOINs. OUTER JOINs are further classified as LEFT OUTER JOINS, RIGHT OUTER JOINS and FULL OUTER JOINS. 
Q: What is a self join? 
A: Self join is just like any other join, except that two instances of the same table will be joined in the query. 
 
</div>

Database Interview Questions for QA Part I

What is database? A database is a logically coherent collection of data with some inherent meaning, representing some aspect of real worl...

Database Interview Questions for QA part II

0 DB Testing, job hunting, QA Interview Preparation

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">What is the concept of Index in database and how many types 
An index can be created in a table to find data more quickly and efficiently. The users cannot see the indexes, they are just used to speed up searches/queries. 
Disadvantage 
Updating a table with indexes takes more time than updating a table without (because the indexes also need an update). So you should only create indexes on columns (and tables) that will be frequently searched against. 
Index types 
<table class="mce-item-table"><tbody>
<tr><td width="99">Index type </td><td>Description </td></tr>
<tr><td width="99">Clustered</td><td>A clustered index sorts and stores the data rows of the table or view in order based on the clustered index key. The clustered index is implemented as a B-tree index structure that supports fast retrieval of the rows, based on their clustered index key values. 
Primary keys are clustered index.</td></tr>
<tr><td width="99">Non clustered</td><td>A non-clustered index can be defined on a table or view with a clustered index or on a heap. Each index row in the non-clustered index contains the non-clustered key value and a row locator. This locator points to the data row in the clustered index or heap having the key value. The rows in the index are stored in the order of the index key values, but the data rows are not guaranteed to be in any particular order unless a clustered index is created on the table.</td></tr>
<tr><td width="99">Unique</td><td>A unique index ensures that the index key contains no duplicate values and therefore every row in the table or view is in some way unique. 
Both clustered and non-clustered indexes can be unique.</td></tr>
<tr><td width="99">Index with included columns</td><td>A non-clustered index that is extended to include non-key columns in addition to the key columns.</td></tr>
<tr><td width="99">Indexed views</td><td>An index on a view materializes (executes), the view and the result set is permanently stored in a unique clustered index in the same way a table with a clustered index is stored. Nonclustered indexes on the view can be added after the clustered index is created.</td></tr>
<tr><td width="99">Full-text</td><td>A special type of token-based functional index that is built and maintained by the Microsoft Full-Text Engine for SQL Server (MSFTESQL) service. It provides efficient support for sophisticated word searches in character string data.</td></tr>
<tr><td width="99">XML</td><td>A shredded, and persisted, representation of the XML binary large objects (BLOBs) in the xml data type column.</td></tr>
</tbody></table> 
 
<ul><li><a data-mce-href="http://datawarehouse.ittoolbox.com/documents/surrogate-key-18121" href="http://datawarehouse.ittoolbox.com/documents/surrogate-key-18121">Surrogate Key</a></li>
</ul>It just like a primary key, but it has no business impact. It’s used to uniquely identify records. 
<ul><li> 
</li>
<li>In case of insert, update which query will be executed first</li>
</ul>What is difference between views &tables , in case if table updated will view be update or not? 
View: In SQL, a view is a virtual table based on the result-set of an SQL statement. A view contains rows and columns, just like a real table. The fields in a view are fields from one or more real tables in the database. View will not be updated if table is updated. 
 
<ul><li>Type of joins</li>
<li>Differ between sp and function</li>
<li>What the Union operator do</li>
</ul>The UNION operator is used to combine the result-set of two or more SELECT statements. 
Notice that each SELECT statement within the UNION must have the same number of columns. The columns must also have similar data types. Also, the columns in each SELECT statement must be in the same order. 
There are two types of unions, Union, Union All 
<ul><li>Union</li>
</ul>Select distinct records 
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name1 
UNION 
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name2 
<ul><li>Union All</li>
</ul>Selects all records (duplicate also) 
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name1 
UNION ALL 
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name2 
What is Candidate Key? 
All unique keys which can be set as primary key are called candidate keys. 
 
Difference between truncate, delete, drop 
Delete: Deletes the data from table 
Truncate: Deletes the data from table also re set the auto increment values. 
Drop: Deletes the data and structure of table. 
 
 
<ul><li>Different between web server and app server</li>
<li>Difference between session and cookie</li>
<li>Difference between web site and web application</li>
<li>Difference between Web service & API</li>
</ul> 
Difference between load testing, performance testing, stress testing 
Performance testing is a general concept. 
Performance Testing= Load Testing+ Stress Testing 
Load Testing: Application response time for specific no of users. 
Stress Testing: Application behavior for a specific time when the break point where application will be breaked. 
 
In SQL Difference between “IN” and “BETWEEN” 
Both are used in to fetch data for a specific range. For example if you want to fetch salary of an employee from salary 15000 to 25000. When you use IN then 15000, 25000 will not be fetched. When you use between all data between 15000 and 25000 including these two will be fetched. 
 
Stack and heap 
Stack: In line memory, lives Ram memory where value types saved 
Heap: collection, values which are not convertible to binary are saved. Pointer to that values is in stack. 
 
Normalization 
Unnormalized – There are multivalued attributes or repeating groups 
1 NF – No multivalued attributes or repeating groups. 
2 NF – 1 NF plus no partial dependencies 
3 NF – 2 NF plus no transitive dependencies 
 
What is the difference between an ERD and an ERM? 
ERM: In software engineering, an entity-relationship model (ERM) is an abstract and conceptual representation of data. Entity-relationship modeling is a database modeling method, used to produce a type of conceptual schema or semantic data model of a system, often a relational database, and its requirements in a top-down fashion. Diagrams created by this process are called entity-relationship diagrams, ER diagrams, or ERDs. 
 
</div>

Database Interview Questions for QA part II

What is the concept of Index in database and how many types An index can be created in a table to find data more quickly and efficiently....

How to impress at your first job interview in the Middle East

0 job hunting

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Abraham Lincoln once said, “If I had six hours to chop down a tree, I’d spend the first 4 hours sharpening the ax.” The same rule applies to leaving a good impression during an interview. Never go in unprepared. Let us quickly review some of the most important parts of your interview that would help increase your chances of securing the job: 
<h3>Personal grooming</h3>In the Middle East, just like anywhere else, the way you look plays a big part of your first impression at a job interview. In fact, looking the part has a major impact on the success of a job interview. 76.4% of respondents in Bayt.com’s ‘Influence of Personal Appearance on Hiring Decisions’ poll, March 2013, said that employers in the Middle East make a decision based on a candidate’s physical appearance. Good personal grooming and style shows an interest in the position (as stated by 27.5%), as well as being demonstrative of good character (as stated by 24.8%). 
You do not necessarily need to defy the norms. Keep the company’s overall corporate structure in perspective while also considering the weather conditions. You wouldn’t want to feel uncomfortable in your interview because of the way you dress. 
<h3>Being on time</h3>Punctuality is one way of showing your seriousness in getting the job. Therefore, you need to sort out the modalities of reaching your interview destination in time. Make sure to choose a faster means of transportation if you have to travel for more than 15 minutes on road. Ideally, you should have an idea of the location. Google Maps can definitely help you reach your destination. Make sure to have 15 to 25 minutes extra provision for traffic jams. Make sure you have the company’s phone number to call them in case you need to come late or postpone the interview. According to 13.8% of employers who took part in Bayt.com’s ‘Hiring Practices in the MENA Region’ poll, February 2012, one of the most common mistakes that jobseekers make in an interview is arriving late. 
<h3>Researching the company</h3>You need to spend reasonable amount of time understanding the organization in which you are going for an interview. Most big companies have comprehensive websites with complete information about their founders, products and services, mission, vision, and values. The ‘About us’ page of a company specifically tells you what the company’s philosophy is. Make sure you go through all these details. 
For example, if you are applying for a marketing position, you must know the company’s flagship products or services. A quick overview of competitors would give you an edge over other candidates. Similarly, you must also prepare for questions regarding the challenges faced by the company in developing its market and ways in which they can be overcome. 
Another example would be a human resources position. Here, you would need to research labor laws, along with recruitment, training, and development issues. You should also have a detailed overview of the company’s workforce and the role you can play, as an HR manager, in leveraging the available talent pool to give the company a competitive edge. 
<h3>Composure</h3>You may land in an altogether different interview situation. Therefore, do not presume any set of conditions or expectations beforehand. Some companies conduct one-on-one interviews while others prefer panel interviews. Therefore, be mentally prepared for any change in interviewing style. Interviewers have different personalities. Make sure you adjust yourself to the interviewer’s personality type. 
<h3>Self-confidence</h3>Be assertive in what you say. Do not argue with the interviewer. Make sure to remain polite at all times. Avoid indulging in long arguments. Give valid examples to prove your point. <a href="https://www.facebook.com/notes/pakistan-career-portal-uae/how-to-impress-at-your-first-job-interview-in-the-middle-east/680894218602634#">Ask questions</a>, and try to remain short and to the point. 
<h3>EQ (Emotional Quotient)</h3>Job roles that require handling high pressure situations need people with high EQ. If you are applying for that kind of position, you must demonstrate your ability to handle pressure situations. The interviewer will ask you questions about how you handled a difficult situation. You need to give an example of a situation where you were under pressure and how you handled it. Make sure you are well-prepared for these types of questions. 
Making the right impression at a job interview in the Middle East isn’t hard if you keep in mind three basic rules: First, presentation does count. Second, research the company and arrive on time. Finally, stay confident, be assertive in what you say, and don’t be afraid to ask meaningful questions. 
 
Posted by Muhammad Farrukh Iqba</div>

How to impress at your first job interview in the Middle East

Abraham Lincoln once said, “If I had six hours to chop down a tree, I’d spend the first 4 hours sharpening the ax.” The same rule appli...

Important tips while sending CV in email to HR or Recruiters

0 job hunting

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Whenever you send your CV to HR , its very important that HR notice 
your email so they can review your CV. Below  are few tips if you adopt ,
 your success rate will be high. 
 
 
 
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Make good use of subject lines, don’t put subject like “Resume” , 
“AOA”, Properly use the job subject for example “Resume for the post of 
Electrical Engineer 0 Job code : 123”</li>
<li>Keep messages clear and brief, Add a summarized brief in email, 
why you sending this email , so that the HR should read your email 
properly</li>
<li>Be polite while communicating</li>
<li>Proofread your email before send</li>
<li>Do not send emails in bulk, do not put many HR in one email. Always send one email to one HR</li>
<li>Do not send too many email on the same time , other wise your emails will be in junk folder of HR</li>
<li>Try to send emails on early morning or working day, so your email 
will be on top of other emails. If you send email on holiday or in 
night, there are chances your email will be on last and HR will not 
notice your email</li>
</ol>
<div class="text_exposed_show">
</div>
</div>

Important tips while sending CV in email to HR or Recruiters

Whenever you send your CV to HR , its very important that HR notice your email so they can review your CV. Below are few tips if you adop...

Understand SQL joins in one diagram

0 QA Interview Preparation, Software Testing

Understand SQL joins in one diagram

System Integration Testing Part IV

0 Software Testing, System Integration Testing

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
In Part I and Part II we discussed about web services testing types. 
In this blog I will explain the SOAPUI tool to test web services. 
What is SOAPUI 
SOAPUI is a free and open source cross-platform Functional Testing 
solution. With an easy-to-use graphical interface, and enterprise-class 
features, SOAPUI allows you to easily and rapidly create and execute 
automated functional, regression, compliance, and load tests 
<h2>
The step-by-step guide:</h2>
<h2>
1. Create a test from a request in your WSDL</h2>
<ol>
<li>Click on the plus sign next to the web service in the navigator to expand.</li>
<li>
Double click on the request.</li>
</ol>
In SoapUI Pro, the request editor comes up to the right. SoapUI Pro 
has an Outline Editor that simplifies the hierarchical structure of the 
XML, both in requests and responses, and at the same time is 
customizable. 
Learn more about <a href="http://www.soapui.org/About-SoapUI/10-reasons-to-go-pro/2-The-Form-Editor.html">The Form Editor</a> and <a href="http://www.soapui.org/About-SoapUI/10-reasons-to-go-pro/1-The-Outline-Editor.html">The Outline Editor.</a> 
 
 If you are using SoapUI Open Source, you have to enter your data 
manually in the code editor as shown below. To benefit fully from this 
tutorial you should use the Pro version. You can download the Pro Trial 
version for free <a href="http://www.eviware.com/Download-soapUI-Trial.html">here</a>, giving you 2 weeks access. 
<ol start="3">
<li>In the request editor, select Add This Request to TestCase.
 SoapUI Pro takes the definition of the request and makes a form for you
 to enter information in. This may be especially useful when doing 
manual testing or if you want non-technical staff to enter a request.</li>
<li>
Adding a request to a TestCase will open the Create TestSuite dialog box. Enter a name for your TestSuite and click OK.</li>
<li>
After clicking OK, you will be asked to create a TestCase. In the Create TestCase dialog, enter a name for your TestCase and click OK.</li>
<li>
Next, the dialog box Add Request to TestCase will appear. Click OK.</li>
<li>
SoapUI Pro will now generate a TestSuite and TestCase for you while the 
request will be added as a TestRequest. Below is a copy of the request 
that appears in the interface. A TestCase editor will also open with 
your new TestRequest.</li>
</ol>
The next step is to validate the response in your test by adding an Assertion. 
<h2>
2. Add an Assertion to the test</h2>
Now that we’ve created and run our first test, we are going to add a validation of the response. In SoapUI, this is called adding an assertion.
 SoapUI Pro contains several functions that enhances automation for 
those who spends their days (and nights) testing and are in need of 
extensive assertions. 
Examples of assertions that is possible in SoapUI are: 
<ul>
<li>Schema Compliance</li>
<li>Simple Contains</li>
<li>Simple Not Contains</li>
<li>SOAP Fault</li>
<li>Not SOAP Fault</li>
<li>SOAP Response</li>
<li>Response SLA</li>
<li>XPath Match</li>
<li>XQuery Match</li>
<li>Script Assertion</li>
<li>WS-Security Status</li>
<li>WS-Addressing Response Assertion</li>
<li>WS-Addressing Request Assertion</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>Close all windows you have open in soupUI before starting. Double Click on your Test Request as shown below. This will open the request editor.</li>
<li>
In the request editor, Click the Add an Assertion to Test Request button.</li>
</ol>
<ol start="3">
<li>Select Response SLA from the drop down in the Select Assertion dialog box.</li>
<li>
In the Configure Response SLA Assertion dialog box, write 500 and click 
OK. This will validate that the response of the SLA is under 500.</li>
<li>
Now that you’ve added the assertion, you are going to run the request to
 validate the response. If all assertions are successful, the SOAP icon 
should turn green in three places as shown below.</li>
</ol>
Tip! You can see how many assertions you have in a test 
by looking at the assertions tab. The number of assertions is written on
 the tab “Assertions (2)” 
<ol start="6">
<li>You can also validate the response by adding an XPath Match assertion.</li>
<li>
In SoapUI Pro you can open the Select XPath dialog, which let’s
 you select nodes to assert using point-and-click. As a result SoapUI 
creates the matching XPath expression that refers to the selected node.</li>
<li>SoapUI automatically populates the expected result to match what’s 
in the response. But of course, you can change this to what’s relevant 
for you.</li>
</ol>
Learn more about <a href="http://www.soapui.org/About-SoapUI/10-reasons-to-go-pro/3-Point-and-Click-Testing.html">Point and Click Testing.</a> 
<ol start="9">
<li>
Now let’s try and enter the ianacode SE (for Sweden) as a request, and execute the test.</li>
<li>
Oh no! The test failed! SoapUI gives us a red icon in three different 
places, and the Assertions-tab expands telling us that our XPath 
Assertion failed. This is because we said that the allregionslist should contain the US states, and we asked for the Swedish regions.</li>
<li>
Change back the ianacode to US and try executing the test again. You 
will now see that all assertion are set to “VALID”. This is because the 
we now get the list of US States in the response, which is what the 
XPath Assertion is looking for.</li>
</ol>
Now that you know what an assertion is and how you add one to the 
test, it is time for the final exam of this guide – to run the actual 
test. 
<h2>
3. Run a test</h2>
There are several different places in SoapUI where you can run the 
test. You can do it on a TestStep level, which is what we have done in 
this guide. 
You can also try running the TestCase from the TestCase Editor… 
…or from the TestSuite Editor. 
 
Reference: <a href="http://www.soapui.org/" rel="nofollow">http://www.soapui.org</a></div>

System Integration Testing Part IV

In Part I and Part II we discussed about web services testing types. In this blog I will explain the SOAPUI tool to test web services. Wh...

System Integration Testing Part III

0 Manual Testing, Software Testing, System Integration Testing

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">In this blog we will discuss testing types in details. How we can test web services. 
How to test Web Services 
There is not interface available to test web services. In some case you have the interface but in normal cases you don’t have any interface. Following are few testing techniques that can be used for web services testing. 
Testing Techniques 
<ul><li>Functional testing</li>
<li>Regression testing</li>
<li>Security Testing</li>
<li>Load/stress testing</li>
<li>Monitoring</li>
</ul>Tools than can be used for Web Services Testing 
<ul><li>SOAPUI</li>
<li>LOADUI</li>
</ul>Functional Testing 
<ul><li>To ensure that the functionality of the web service is as expected</li>
<li>Does your web service support all the communications protocols it is meant to</li>
<li>Does your web service implement security/authentication as it is meant to Because your web service can be accessed by clients that you can’t control, what happens if they make requests you aren’t expecting</li>
<li>Since no interface is available to test web services so to test web services an open source tool SOAPUI is available for Functional Testing</li>
<li>Analyses the service logs to find the issues</li>
</ul>Example: 
If you have a web service that take two inputs(a, b) and divides two numbers, you will verify 
<ul><li>Does it give the expected result?</li>
<li>If you pass in a 0 as the denominator, does it handle this correctly</li>
</ul>Regression testing 
<ul><li>A regression test is normally a cut-down version of a functional test</li>
<li>Its aim is to ensure that the web service is still working between builds or releases</li>
</ul>Example: 
If your development team has changed the method that divides two numbers, does that method still work? Does the method that multiplies two numbers still work? Is the performance still affordable? 
Load/stress testing 
<ul><li>The aim of load/stress testing is to find how your web service scales as the number of clients accessing it increases</li>
<li>LOADUI(an open source tool)  or Load Runner can be used for performance testing.</li>
</ul>Monitoring 
Once your web service is live and being used by real clients, you will need to keep an eye on it 
<ul><li>Is it still working?</li>
<li>Are response times adequate?</li>
<li>At what times of day is it busiest?</li>
<li>See the service logs regularly</li>
</ul>In next part we will explore the tool(SOAPUI/LOADUI) that is used to test web services.</div>

System Integration Testing Part III

In this blog we will discuss testing types in details. How we can test web services. How to test Web Services There is not interface avail...

How to use your QA Skills in a Scrum-Based Project Part II

0 Agile Testing, Manual Testing, Software Testing

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><h1>How to use QA skills in Scrum</h1>The concept of multitasking and teamwork is very strong in Scrum, but there is not such a thing as ‘specialist in everything’ as people are always better in one area. Even if they know many other areas, they will never have time to do everything. Therefore, there are Developers and there are Testers. 
In Scrum there is no separate phase of testing. Rather it is continuous development and testing. In Scrum, nobody is allowed to sit and wait for a delivery. Testers need to be an active member from the sprint’s start and everyone is expected to contribute. 
The following are a few suggestions to a be good, proactive tester: 
<ul><li>Find what requirements mean and discuss the understanding with the development team</li>
<li>Start to collect all information and learn. Capture the domain and analyze all the user stories</li>
<li>Conduct sessions when you feel there isany confusion. You should have clarity of the business and all user stories</li>
<li>Think like a QA, but behave and work like a Scrum Team member. Your  focus should always be on the quality of the product.</li>
<li>You should have the skills to know how to build a release and how to deploy the release.</li>
<li>Don’t consume much time on formal documentation like a Formal Test Plan or QA Plan.</li>
<li>Just prepare a simple Test Plan if all activities are planned in your project.</li>
<li>While developing test cases, always focus on business processes. Your test case must cover “Acceptance Criteria” of every user story.</li>
<li>Write Test Cases as fast you can, do not waste time on long elaborations / clarifications.</li>
<li>Reuse old Test Cases if possible, this can be part of a regression test</li>
<li>If daily (or personal) build is possible, start testing and probe the developed functions. If Dev. resource is not available to provide you build/release, do not wait. Build the release and start testing.</li>
<li>Make sure that for every task to be executed there is also Test Case to be written and executed.</li>
<li>Test coverage is important, so create a model</li>
<li>Remember that the sprint has an end time, so make all efforts to fulfill the time line.</li>
</ul>Be sure to join next time when we discuss the testing approaches that can be used in Scrum!</div>

How to use your QA Skills in a Scrum-Based Project Part II

How to use QA skills in Scrum The concept of multitasking and teamwork is very strong in Scrum, but there is not such a thing as ‘speciali...

QAI/ISCB Certifications for QA/Testers

0 Certifications for QA, QAI/ISCB, Software Testing

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h1 class="entry-title">
</h1>
The International Software Certifications Board (ISCB) was established as a professional association to represent the quality assurance profession. The ISCB undertakes research and houses the Bodies of Knowledge. ISCB offers professional certifications in the areas of Testing, Quality, Business Analysis, Project Management, and Process Engineering. Following are the areas of certifications which QAI provides. 
 
Quality 
<ul>
<li><a data-mce-href="http://www.softwarecertifications.org/qai_casq.htm" href="http://www.softwarecertifications.org/qai_casq.htm">Certified Associate in Software Quality (CASQ)</a></li>
<li><a data-mce-href="http://www.softwarecertifications.org/qai_csqa.htm" href="http://www.softwarecertifications.org/qai_csqa.htm">Certified Software Quality Analyst (CSQA)</a></li>
<li><a data-mce-href="http://www.softwarecertifications.org/qai_cmsq.htm" href="http://www.softwarecertifications.org/qai_cmsq.htm">Certified Manager of Software Quality (CMSQ)</a></li>
</ul>
 
Testing 
<ul>
<li><a data-mce-href="http://www.softwarecertifications.org/qai_cast.htm" href="http://www.softwarecertifications.org/qai_cast.htm">Certified Associate in Software Testing (CAST)</a></li>
<li><a data-mce-href="http://www.softwarecertifications.org/qai_cste.htm" href="http://www.softwarecertifications.org/qai_cste.htm">Certified Software Tester (CSTE)</a></li>
<li><a data-mce-href="http://www.softwarecertifications.org/qai_cmst.htm" href="http://www.softwarecertifications.org/qai_cmst.htm">Certified Manager of Software Testing (CMST)</a></li>
</ul>
 
Process Engineering 
 
<ul>
<li><a data-mce-href="http://www.softwarecertifications.org/qai_cspe.htm" href="http://www.softwarecertifications.org/qai_cspe.htm">Certified Software Process Engineer (CSPE)</a></li>
<li><a data-mce-href="http://www.softwarecertifications.org/qai_cqspe.htm" href="http://www.softwarecertifications.org/qai_cqspe.htm">Certified Quantitative Software Process Engineer (CQSPE)</a></li>
</ul>
 
 
<a data-mce-href="http://www.softwarecertifications.org/qai_pearson_vue.htm#p_vue" href="http://www.softwarecertifications.org/qai_pearson_vue.htm#p_vue">Registration process for QAI exam</a> 
For details visit this link: <a data-mce-href="http://www.softwarecertifications.org/qai_pearson_vue.htm#p_vue" href="http://www.softwarecertifications.org/qai_pearson_vue.htm#p_vue">http://www.softwarecertifications.org/qai_pearson_vue.htm#p_vue</a> 
Contact: <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">certify@softwarecertifications.org</a> 
<h1 class="entry-title">
 </h1>
</div>

QAI/ISCB Certifications for QA/Testers

The International Software Certifications Board (ISCB) was established as a professional association to represent the quality assurance...

HP Certifications for QA/Testers

0 Certifications for QA, HP, Software Testing

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h1>
Overview</h1>
HP Education Services offers a number of trainings 
that support IT Industry certification programs. With training in more 
than 90 locations worldwide and a wide range of learning modalities from
 classroom to online self-paced courses, HP Education Services can help 
prepare you for the certification that is right for you. For more 
details , please visit the HP official web site (<a data-mce-href="http://h10120.www1.hp.com/expertone/certification.html" href="http://h10120.www1.hp.com/expertone/certification.html">http://h10120.www1.hp.com/expertone/certification.html</a>) 
<h1>
Certification Path</h1>
For QA professionals HP provides three type of certification paths. 
<img alt="" class="confluence-embedded-image confluence-content-image-border" data-mce-src="http://dev-wiki-01.elm.com.sa/download/attachments/4850141/image2015-7-13%2012%3A5%3A24.png?version=1&modificationDate=1436778900133&api=v2" height="106" src="http://dev-wiki-01.elm.com.sa/download/attachments/4850141/image2015-7-13%2012%3A5%3A24.png?version=1&modificationDate=1436778900133&api=v2" title="Quality Software Engineering (QSE) > 3) HP > image2015-7-13 12:5:24.png" width="400" /> 
<ul>
<li><h3>
Application Lifecycle Management Professionals</h3>
<ul>
<li><h4>
HP ASE - Application Lifecycle Management Implementations v11(<a data-mce-href="http://h10120.www1.hp.com/expertone/datacard/Certification/ASE-ALMIv11" href="http://h10120.www1.hp.com/expertone/datacard/Certification/ASE-ALMIv11">http://h10120.www1.hp.com/expertone/datacard/Certification/ASE-ALMIv11</a>)</h4>
</li>
<li><h4>
HP ATP - Application Lifecycle Management v12(<a data-mce-href="http://h10120.www1.hp.com/expertone/datacard/Certification/ATP-ALMv12" href="http://h10120.www1.hp.com/expertone/datacard/Certification/ATP-ALMv12">http://h10120.www1.hp.com/expertone/datacard/Certification/ATP-ALMv12</a>)</h4>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><h3>
Performance Testing Professionals</h3>
<ul>
<li><h3>
HP ASE - LoadRunner v11(<a data-mce-href="http://h10120.www1.hp.com/expertone/datacard/Certification/ASE-LRv11" href="http://h10120.www1.hp.com/expertone/datacard/Certification/ASE-LRv11">http://h10120.www1.hp.com/expertone/datacard/Certification/ASE-LRv11</a>)</h3>
</li>
<li><h3>
HP ATP - LoadRunner v12(<a data-mce-href="http://h10120.www1.hp.com/expertone/datacard/Certification/ATP-LRv12" href="http://h10120.www1.hp.com/expertone/datacard/Certification/ATP-LRv12">http://h10120.www1.hp.com/expertone/datacard/Certification/ATP-LRv12</a>)</h3>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><h3>
Functional Testing Professionals</h3>
<ul>
<li><h4>
HP ASE - Functional Testing v11 (<a data-mce-href="http://h10120.www1.hp.com/expertone/datacard/Certification/ASE-FTv11" href="http://h10120.www1.hp.com/expertone/datacard/Certification/ASE-FTv11">http://h10120.www1.hp.com/expertone/datacard/Certification/ASE-FTv11</a>)</h4>
</li>
<li><h4>
HP ATP - Unified Functional Testing v12 (<a data-mce-href="http://h10120.www1.hp.com/expertone/datacard/Certification/ATP-UFTv12" href="http://h10120.www1.hp.com/expertone/datacard/Certification/ATP-UFTv12">http://h10120.www1.hp.com/expertone/datacard/Certification/ATP-UFTv12</a>)</h4>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
Registration http://h20375.www2.hp.com/portal/site/publicpartnerportal-ap/in/en/ 
<h1 class="entry-title">
 </h1>
</div>

HP Certifications for QA/Testers

Overview HP Education Services offers a number of trainings that support IT Industry certification programs. With training in more than...

ITIL Certifications for QA/Testers

0 Certifications for QA, ITIL, Software Testing

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h1 class="entry-title">
</h1>
<h1>
Overview</h1>
ITIL advocates that IT services are aligned to the 
needs of the business and support its core processes. It provides 
guidance to organizations and individuals on how to use IT as a tool to 
facilitate business change, transformation and growth. 
The ITIL best practices are currently detailed within five core publications: 
<ul>
<li><a data-mce-href="http://shop.axelos.com/officialsite.asp?FO=1253138&ProductID=9780113313044&Action=Book" href="http://shop.axelos.com/officialsite.asp?FO=1253138&ProductID=9780113313044&Action=Book" title="ITIL Service Strategy Book">ITIL Service Strategy</a></li>
<li><a data-mce-href="http://shop.axelos.com/officialsite.asp?FO=1253138&ProductID=9780113313051&Action=Book" href="http://shop.axelos.com/officialsite.asp?FO=1253138&ProductID=9780113313051&Action=Book" title="ITIL Service Design Book">ITIL Service Design</a></li>
<li><a data-mce-href="http://shop.axelos.com/officialsite.asp?FO=1253138&ProductID=9780113313068&Action=Book" href="http://shop.axelos.com/officialsite.asp?FO=1253138&ProductID=9780113313068&Action=Book" title="ITIL Service Transition Book">ITIL Service Transition</a></li>
<li><a data-mce-href="http://shop.axelos.com/officialsite.asp?FO=1253138&ProductID=9780113313075&Action=Book" href="http://shop.axelos.com/officialsite.asp?FO=1253138&ProductID=9780113313075&Action=Book" title="ITIL Service Operation Book">ITIL Service Operation</a></li>
<li><a data-mce-href="http://shop.axelos.com/officialsite.asp?FO=1253138&ProductID=9780113313082&Action=Book" href="http://shop.axelos.com/officialsite.asp?FO=1253138&ProductID=9780113313082&Action=Book" title="ITIL Continual Service Improvement Book">ITIL Continual Service Improvement</a>.</li>
</ul>
 
<h1>
Certifications Levels</h1>
<ul>
<li><a class="js-kentico-accordion-link" data-mce-href="https://www.axelos.com/qualifications/itil-qualifications#FoundationLevel" href="https://www.axelos.com/qualifications/itil-qualifications#FoundationLevel">Foundation Level</a></li>
<li><a class="js-kentico-accordion-link" data-mce-href="https://www.axelos.com/qualifications/itil-qualifications#PractitionerLevel" href="https://www.axelos.com/qualifications/itil-qualifications#PractitionerLevel">Practitioner Level</a></li>
<li><a class="js-kentico-accordion-link" data-mce-href="https://www.axelos.com/qualifications/itil-qualifications#IntermediateLevel" href="https://www.axelos.com/qualifications/itil-qualifications#IntermediateLevel">Intermediate Level</a></li>
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ITIL Certifications for QA/Testers

Overview ITIL advocates that IT services are aligned to the needs of the business and support its core processes. It provides guidanc...

IBM Certifications for QA/Testers

0 Certifications for QA, IBM, Software Testing

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<h1>
Overview</h1>
IBM also provides different types of certifications for QA professionals. It covers two type of certifications for QA 
<ul>
<li><h2>
IBM Certified Solution Designer - Rational Functional Tester for Java</h2>
</li>
</ul>
<div data-mce-style="margin-left: 60px;" style="margin-left: 60px;">
An
 intermediate level solution designer is an individual with extensive 
product knowledge who understands how to use the IBM Rational Functional
 Tester tool to develop robust automated tests through the recording, 
playback, and evaluation of test results.</div>
<div data-mce-style="margin-left: 60px;" style="margin-left: 60px;">
IBM
 Rational Functional Tester is IBM-s solution for automated testing of 
Java, Web-based, Siebel 7.7, VS.NET Windows Forms, Base Win32, 3270, 
VT100 and 5250 applications on Microsoft Windows and Linux platforms.</div>
<ul class="ibm-bullet-list">
<li data-mce-style="list-style-type: none; background-image: none;" style="background-image: none; list-style-type: none;"><ul class="ibm-bullet-list">
<li>It helps testers increase the thoroughness, accuracy and extensibility of automated test scripts</li>
<li>It helps project managers apply automation tools to test planning and results analysis for accurate and up-to-date test status</li>
<li>It helps testers and developers Leverage a common development IDE to achieve better team collaboration</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div data-mce-style="margin-left: 60px;" style="margin-left: 60px;">
It
 is expected that this solution designer will be generally 
self-sufficient and able to perform the tasks involved in the role with 
limited assistance from peers, product documentation and vendor support 
services.</div>
<div data-mce-style="margin-left: 60px;" style="margin-left: 60px;">
For more details visit the official web site of IBM(<a data-mce-href="http://www-03.ibm.com/certify/certs/38001601.shtml" href="http://www-03.ibm.com/certify/certs/38001601.shtml">http://www-03.ibm.com/certify/certs/38001601.shtml</a>)</div>
<ul>
<li><h2>
IBM Certified Solution Designer - Rational Manual Tester</h2>
</li>
</ul>
<div data-mce-style="margin-left: 60px;" style="margin-left: 60px;">
This
 intermediate-level solution designer is an individual with extensive 
product knowledge who understands how to setup, configure and create a 
manual testing framework with Rational Manual Tester.</div>
<div data-mce-style="margin-left: 60px;" style="margin-left: 60px;">
It
 is expected that this solution designer will generally be 
self-sufficient and able to perform the tasks involved in the role with 
limited assistance from peers, product documentation and vendor support 
services. 
For more details visit the official web site of IBM (<a data-mce-href="http://www-03.ibm.com/certify/certs/38001401.shtml" href="http://www-03.ibm.com/certify/certs/38001401.shtml">http://www-03.ibm.com/certify/certs/38001401.shtml</a>)</div>
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Also visit below links</h1>
<div class="ibm-container">
 <div class="ibm-container-body">
 <ul class="ibm-link-list">
<li><a class="ibm-forward-link" href="http://www-03.ibm.com/certify/certs/38007201.shtml">IBM Certified Administrator - Rational BuildForge v7.1</a></li>
<li><a class="ibm-forward-link" href="http://www-03.ibm.com/certify/certs/38004601.shtml">IBM Certified Associate Developer - Rational Integration Tester V8</a></li>
<li><a class="ibm-forward-link" href="http://www-03.ibm.com/certify/certs/38004501.shtml">IBM Certified Associate Developer - Rational Test Virtualization Server V8</a></li>
<li><a class="ibm-forward-link" href="http://www-03.ibm.com/certify/certs/38001701.shtml">IBM Certified Deployment Professional - Rational UrbanCode Deploy</a></li>
<li><a class="ibm-forward-link" href="http://www-03.ibm.com/certify/certs/38001801.shtml">IBM Certified Deployment Professional - Rational UrbanCode Release</a></li>
<li><a class="ibm-forward-link" href="http://www-03.ibm.com/certify/certs/38001401.shtml">IBM Certified Solution Designer - IBM Rational Manual Tester</a></li>
<li><a class="ibm-forward-link" href="http://www-03.ibm.com/certify/certs/38001601.shtml">IBM Certified Solution Designer - Rational Functional Tester for Java</a></li>
<li><a class="ibm-forward-link" href="http://www-03.ibm.com/certify/certs/38010002.shtml">IBM Certified Specialist for Rational Requirements Management w/Use Cases</a></li>
<li><a class="ibm-forward-link" href="http://www-03.ibm.com/certify/certs/38002703.shtml">IBM Certified Specialist - Rational ClearCase v7.1</a></li>
<li><a class="ibm-forward-link" href="http://www-03.ibm.com/certify/certs/38004003.shtml">IBM Certified Specialist - Rational ClearQuest v7.1</a></li>
<li><a class="ibm-forward-link" href="http://www-03.ibm.com/certify/certs/38008101.shtml">IBM Certified Specialist - Rational DOORS Next Generation</a></li>
<li><a class="ibm-forward-link" href="http://www-03.ibm.com/certify/certs/38003903.shtml">IBM Certified Specialist - Rational Quality Manager V4</a></li>
<li><a class="ibm-forward-link" href="http://www-03.ibm.com/certify/certs/38001502.shtml">IBM Certified Solution Designer - Rational Performance Tester v8</a></li>
<li><a class="ibm-forward-link" href="http://www-03.ibm.com/certify/certs/38004402.shtml">IBM Certified Solutions Expert - Collaborative Lifecycle Management V4</a></li>
<li><a class="ibm-forward-link" href="http://www-03.ibm.com/certify/certs/38004202.shtml">IBM Certified Solutions Specialist - Rational Team Concert V4</a></li>
<li><a class="ibm-forward-link" href="http://www-03.ibm.com/certify/certs/38003902.shtml">IBM Certified Specialist - Rational Quality Manager V3</a></li>
<li><a class="ibm-forward-link" href="http://www-03.ibm.com/certify/certs/38004301.shtml">IBM Certified Specialist - Rational Requirements Composer V3</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
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 </h1>
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IBM Certifications for QA/Testers

Overview IBM also provides different types of certifications for QA professionals. It covers two type of certifications for QA IBM C...